Koncepcja zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości w międzynarodowym prawie karnym
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Editors
Authors
Filipek, Michał Jan
Date
2019-12-31
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Wydawnictwo INP PAN
ISBN
978-83-66300-12-5
DOI
Language
pl
Keywords
zbrodnia ludobójstwa, zbrodnie wojenne, zbrodnia przeciwko ludzkości, orzecznictwo Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego
Abstract
Some authors argue that crimes against humanity are as old as humanity itself. They likely are, though the legal concept of crimes against humanity (CAH) was first codified in 1945 in the Nuremberg Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Persecution of the Major War Criminals. The notion ‘crimes against humanity’ had not suddenly sprung up out of thin air; its origin can be traced to the Preamble of the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions, in which the ‘Martens Clause’ refers to the ‘laws of humanity’. The term ‘crimes against humanity’ appeared for the first time in 1915, in a joint declaration of the governments of Great Britain, France, and Russia describing wartime atrocities and massacres committed against the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire.
The term ‘crimes against humanity’ has both a colloquial and a legal meaning. In daily parlance, the term is used in a general and non-legal sense mainly by journalists and pundits to condemn any kind of horrible atrocities being committed all around the world. However, the term ‘humanity’ in English has a dual nature, meaning both ‘mankind’ (the human race; the set of all individual humans) and ‘humanness’ (the quality of being human as well as human behaviour; moral concepts and standards of being human; human nature used in the same sense as the Latin humanitas). The Polish official translation of the Rome Statute of the ICC’s Article 7 – which encompasses the legal term ‘crimes against humanity’ – makes use of the notion of zbrodnie przeciwko ludzkości. Interestingly, the substantive ludzkość in Polish has a much narrower meaning than does the term ‘humanity’ in English. It refers primarily to humankind as a whole – the human race. The notion of humanity used in English in the latter meaning (humanness) is understood in Polish rather as człowieczeństwo. Although the term ludzkość encapsulates only one connotation of the English word ‘humanity’, translating ‘crimes against humanity’ into Polish with zbrodnie przeciwko ludzkości is established in Polish judiciary culture and legal tradition – the tradition which gave rise to the careers of the two most influential international criminal lawyers – Sir Hirsh Lauterpacht and Rafał Lemkin, both of whom studied at the Faculty of Law of Lwów University in Poland.
The legal concept of crimes against humanity through the years has been somewhat shaky and very far from clear. The concept of crimes against humanity appeared in particular historical contexts as a response to massive and widespread state-supported and state-orchestrated crimes committed against civilian populations. The notion of crimes against humanity in a legal sense became one of the three categories of international crime enumerated in the Nuremberg Charter in 1945. Crimes against humanity were for many decades, and still are, an uncodified category of international crime. Unlike the crime of genocide and war crimes, they were never regulated in a special comprehensive international convention. This is all the more reason to welcome the initiative of the International Law Commission (ILC) to draft articles on crimes against humanity, which in time – hopefully in the near future – may become an international convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Importantly, the ILC’s work continues to advance – in 2017 the Commission adopted a complete set of draft articles on crimes against humanity for a future UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity.
This book consists of six chapters and is organised in the following manner: introduction, chapters 1–6 (main body), and conclusion. In the introduction, the writer discusses in turn 1) the theme and aim of the research; 2) the terminological references – clarification of the terminology adopted and used in the book; 3) the research methodology and research methods used in the work – though the general method of legal interpretation (dogmatic method) prevails; 4) the scope of the study (of the research conducted); and 5) the organization and structure of the book.
The term ‘crimes against humanity’ has both a colloquial and a legal meaning. In daily parlance, the term is used in a general and non-legal sense mainly by journalists and pundits to condemn any kind of horrible atrocities being committed all around the world. However, the term ‘humanity’ in English has a dual nature, meaning both ‘mankind’ (the human race; the set of all individual humans) and ‘humanness’ (the quality of being human as well as human behaviour; moral concepts and standards of being human; human nature used in the same sense as the Latin humanitas). The Polish official translation of the Rome Statute of the ICC’s Article 7 – which encompasses the legal term ‘crimes against humanity’ – makes use of the notion of zbrodnie przeciwko ludzkości. Interestingly, the substantive ludzkość in Polish has a much narrower meaning than does the term ‘humanity’ in English. It refers primarily to humankind as a whole – the human race. The notion of humanity used in English in the latter meaning (humanness) is understood in Polish rather as człowieczeństwo. Although the term ludzkość encapsulates only one connotation of the English word ‘humanity’, translating ‘crimes against humanity’ into Polish with zbrodnie przeciwko ludzkości is established in Polish judiciary culture and legal tradition – the tradition which gave rise to the careers of the two most influential international criminal lawyers – Sir Hirsh Lauterpacht and Rafał Lemkin, both of whom studied at the Faculty of Law of Lwów University in Poland.
The legal concept of crimes against humanity through the years has been somewhat shaky and very far from clear. The concept of crimes against humanity appeared in particular historical contexts as a response to massive and widespread state-supported and state-orchestrated crimes committed against civilian populations. The notion of crimes against humanity in a legal sense became one of the three categories of international crime enumerated in the Nuremberg Charter in 1945. Crimes against humanity were for many decades, and still are, an uncodified category of international crime. Unlike the crime of genocide and war crimes, they were never regulated in a special comprehensive international convention. This is all the more reason to welcome the initiative of the International Law Commission (ILC) to draft articles on crimes against humanity, which in time – hopefully in the near future – may become an international convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Importantly, the ILC’s work continues to advance – in 2017 the Commission adopted a complete set of draft articles on crimes against humanity for a future UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity.
This book consists of six chapters and is organised in the following manner: introduction, chapters 1–6 (main body), and conclusion. In the introduction, the writer discusses in turn 1) the theme and aim of the research; 2) the terminological references – clarification of the terminology adopted and used in the book; 3) the research methodology and research methods used in the work – though the general method of legal interpretation (dogmatic method) prevails; 4) the scope of the study (of the research conducted); and 5) the organization and structure of the book.
Description
<< s. 19-26 >>
Wprowadzenie
<< s. 27-104 >>
Geneza i rozwój koncepcji zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości. Rys historyczny
<< s. 105-122 >>
Struktura zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości jako zbrodni prawa międzynarodowego
<< s. 123-167 >>
Elementy konstytutywne zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości - chapeau definicji (tzw. elementy chapeau)
<< s. 168-295 >>
Postaci zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości
<< s. 296-336 >>
Kontrowersje wokół elementu polityki państwa lub organizacji jako jednego ze znamion zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości
<< s. 337-351 >>
Implementacja definicji zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości do krajowych systemów prawnych. Obowiązek czy wolna wola państw-stron statutu rzymskiego?
<< s. 352-360 >>
Zakończenie
Wprowadzenie
<< s. 27-104 >>
Geneza i rozwój koncepcji zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości. Rys historyczny
<< s. 105-122 >>
Struktura zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości jako zbrodni prawa międzynarodowego
<< s. 123-167 >>
Elementy konstytutywne zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości - chapeau definicji (tzw. elementy chapeau)
<< s. 168-295 >>
Postaci zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości
<< s. 296-336 >>
Kontrowersje wokół elementu polityki państwa lub organizacji jako jednego ze znamion zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości
<< s. 337-351 >>
Implementacja definicji zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości do krajowych systemów prawnych. Obowiązek czy wolna wola państw-stron statutu rzymskiego?
<< s. 352-360 >>
Zakończenie