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The principle of mutual trust in EU Law : ensuring unity through diversity
(INP PAN, 2025) O’Neill, Ruairi; Taborowski, Maciej
This thesis seeks to examine the extent to which mutual trust operates as a structural principle of EU law, obliging national administrative and judicial authorities to presume the functional equivalence of all Member States’ legal systems and their safeguarding of fundamental rights, without questioning their adequacy. Drawing on the terminological references to ‘trust’ and ‘confidence’ as articulated by Advocate General Szpunar, the study will dissect mutual trust into two distinct yet interrelated components: the relational trust that national authorities place in the acts of their counterparts in other Member States, and the foundational confidence they have in the administrative and judicial systems from which those acts originate. By framing the EU legal order as being fundamentally rooted in mutual trust, this thesis will critically analyse the implications and consequences that arise from such a classification, exploring how this principle shapes the functioning and coherence of the EU’s legal and institutional framework.
Sędziowskie decyzje i poglądy na temat stosowania kary pozbawienia wolności
(INP PAN, 2025) Wzorek, Dominik; Klaus, Witold
Celem pracy była rekonstrukcja mechanizmu wymierzania kary pozbawienia wolności przez sędziów w Polsce oraz zdefiniowanie roli sędziów w systemie sprawiedliwości karnej. We wstępie do niniejszej pracy sformułowano pytanie badawcze: Jak w rzeczywistości przebiega sędziowski proces decyzyjny oraz w jaki sposób osobiste preferencje sędziów związane są z określonym wymiarem kary. Dodatkowo sformułowano pięć pytań szczegółowych:
(1) Jaka jest rola kary pozbawienia wolności w polskim systemie sankcji grożących za przestępstwo? Jak często ta kara jest stosowana? W jakim wymiarze? Jak często wymierzana jest kara pozbawienia wolności z warunkowym jej zawieszeniem?
(2) Jaka jest treść normatywna dyrektyw sędziowskiego wymiaru kary w Polsce? Jakie relacje zachodzą pomiędzy tymi dyrektywami? Czy istnieje dyrektywa nadrzędna?
(3) W jaki sposób polscy sędziowie uzasadniają (w pisemnych uzasadnieniach wyroków) stosowanie kary pozbawienia wolności (jej konkretnego wymiaru oraz jej warunkowego zawieszenia)?
(4) Jakie poglądy na temat źródeł przestępczości, karania oraz wymiaru kary mają sędziowie i jakie w związku z tym dyrektywy i racjonalizacje kary preferują w codziennej praktyce orzeczniczej?
(5) Jakie dolegliwości i konsekwencje zastosowania kary pozbawienia wolności sędziowie
identyfikują?
Ograniczenia w handlu żywnością w prawie Unii Europejskiej w aspekcie ochrony zdrowia publicznego
(INP PAN, 2025) Włodarczyk, Beata
Food safety and quality are crucial for public health. Indeed, the basic function of food is to ensure human life and health. In this sense, food is a special good. However, it is fully covered by the defnition of “goods” developed in the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As a result, its trade is subject to the free movement of goods. Any restrictions on this freedom are possible only under certain conditions. One of them is the justifcation of restrictions on grounds of the protection of public health, as indicated in Article 36 TFEU. Therefore, the conditions for trade in food are complex.
The aim of this dissertation is to answer the following research question: do the legal instruments available to Member States under TFEU and secondary EU legislation allow them to ensure public health protection in their territories in the context of food trade? In other words: is the use of these legal instruments effective in order to justify restrictions on food trade motivated by the general interest of public health protection?
To answer the research question, the following issues were analysed across six chapters.
In chapter I, the concept of food and its socio-economic signifcance were analysed. The need for ensuring food safety and security was highlighted, and reference was made to the goals of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The relationship between agricultural products and food was also discussed, as well as the development of EU food law.
Chapter II presented the issue of food trade in the light of the free movement of goods. The legal grounds indicated in Article 36 TFEU that may be related to food trade were outlined. Selected treaty provisions on agriculture were also examined to determine whether they contain specifc rules allowing for derogations from the general principles of free movement of goods with regard to agricultural products.
Chapter III addressed the issue of public health protection in the EU legal system. The defnition of public health was presented, as well as the scope of the competence of the EU and its Member States in this area. The level of harmonisation in the areas of the CAP and food law relating to public health was also analysed. The precautionary principle was discussed.
Chapter IV provided a comprehensive analysis of the way in which Member States use the general interest of public health protection to justify restrictions and measures having equivalent effect in food trade. Areas where Member States most commonly adopt measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions were identifed and analysed. These are: food naming; origin labelling; national quality marks for food containing indications of geographical origin; promotion of domestic food; national requirements for food quality; prior authorisation procedure; restrictions on food distribution; administrative practices of Member States; and food advertising.
Chapter V addressed the issues of customs, tax and price restrictions, as well as monopolies in food trade. These measures may constitute a form of economic protectionism. Lastly, Chapter VI contains an in-depth analysis of derogations from the EU harmonisation measures. Firstly, two derogation mechanisms contained in Article 114 TFEU were examined. One of them allows a Member State to maintain its previous national regulations, which constitute a derogation from the harmonisation measure. The second allows a Member State to introduce new regulations that differ from an already adopted EU secondary law act. Their theoretical-legal analysis was supported by practical examples of their application. Ten, safeguard clauses contained in EU secondary law acts were analysed. National regulations adopted based upon them constitute a derogation from the harmonising act and thus may cause restrictions in food trade. Examples of their application were given.
The research was conducted using the dogmatic-legal method. The position of the doctrine and legal acts, including decisions of the Commission addressed to the Member States, were examined. The research relied heavily on the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Interdisciplinary research was also partially relied upon.
The considerations made in the dissertation allowed for the verifcation of the following research thesis: legal instruments available to Member States under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and harmonising acts of EU food law do not sufciently allow them to ensure the protection of public health in their territories. Although, theoretically, the scope of these instruments is extensive and broad, in practice, their effective application is very difcult. This is primarily due to the restrictive approach of EU institutions to examination of the proportionality of national measures. The jurisprudence of the CJEU in cases concerning restrictions on food trade indicates that priority is given to ensuring the free movement of goods, and thus a wide range of food products on the internal market and their competitiveness. The evaluation of provisional measures taken by Member States and notifed to the Commission on the basis of derogation mechanisms and safeguard clauses also indicates a strict examination of the proportionality of national provisions. Meanwhile, restrictions on food trade adopted by the Member States have evolved over the years and currently seem to aim to actually ensure public health protection, rather than protect the domestic market from goods imported from other Member States. Obvious infringements still occur, but in principle, Member States seem to invoke the general interest of public health protection in order to truly protect their populations.
Freedom of Religion, Minority Rights and the Law : The Status of Jewish and Muslim Minorities in Europe and Beyond
(Routledge, 2025) Cohen-Almagor, Raphael; Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra; Henrard, Kristin; Baranowska, Grażyna; Górski, Marcin; Tourkochoriti, Ioanna; Porat, Iddo; Van der Schyff, Gerhard; Schuz, Rhona; Hacohen, Aviad; Heinig, Hans Michael; Wattier, Stephanie; Sandberg, Russell; Fink, François; Weiler, Joseph; Linzen, Meir; Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra; Hacohen, Aviad
This book provides an in-depth, scholarly reflection on the challenges that arise in guaranteeing religious freedom and protection of the rights of religious minorities in law and practice. Currently, the protection of religious minorities constitutes one of the foundations of the international human rights protection systems and is provided for in the constitutions of all democratic states. The volume identifies, analyses, and assesses the legal status of religious freedom and protection of religious minorities, with special focus on Jewish and Muslim minorities in the European and Israeli legal environments. It compares the discourses on the scope and boundaries of religious freedom with the actual treatment of religious freedom in legal regulations, the case law, and in practice by the general society. The book employs the resources of comparative law and national and international law, as well as legal theory. Extensive use is also made of decisions of the international courts, including the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. The book will be a valuable resource for academics, researchers, and policymakers working in the areas of law and religion, international human rights law, comparative constitutional law, and religious studies.
Shelter law-making : Legal response to the massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine : General report on Visegrad countries: Czech Republic, Hungary, Republic of Poland, Slovak Republic
(ILS PAS, 2025) Friedery, Réka; Honusková, Věra; Mężykowska, Aleksandra; Mittelmannová, Miroslava; Młynarska-Sobaczewska, Anna; Novák, Lukáš; Polak, Piotr
The General Report presented below constitutes a summary of information and conclusions contained in the national reports on Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, and is the final output of Grant no. 22320067, entitled Shelter law-making. Legal response to massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine, co-financed by the Visegrad Fund.
The national reports constitute the basis for the General Report; therefore, references to all sources and data are to be found there.
The main goal of the project was to analyse the legal actions taken and instruments created by the four Visegrad countries (V4) in response to the large-scale and unprecedented influx of people after 24 February 2022, the outbreak of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Above all, we identified the need to compare the actions taken in individual countries in order to distinguish the recurring solutions, identify those that have failed and select those that proved to be the most effective (good practices). In our opinion, the findings of the project will provide a solid basis for more effective legal actions related to the current migration crisis and possible crises in future. The conclusions and recommendations are in the final parts (VI and VII) of the General Report.