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Amerykańskie prawo do posiadania i noszenia broni w kontekście historycznym, normatywnym i społecznym
(2024) Kapica, Paula Weronika
The main purpose of the dissertation is to present the US right to bear arms provided for by the Second Amendment to the US Constitution from a historical perspective, the evolution of its regulation at the federal level and outline recent trends in both federal and state legislation and jurisprudence, as well as to contrast this right with public opinion and civil and human rights.
Chapter one reconstructs federal regulations from the time of the adoption of the Second Amendment to the present by presenting them in the broader context of state regulations, which constitute the bulk of all legal regulation in the United States. Chapter two analyzes the nature of the right protected by the Second Amendment. The basic issue under scrutiny is whether the right to bear arms is an individual right granted to an indi-vidual, or a collective right that can only be exercised through citizen militias and belongs to the states. The third chapter is an analysis of US jurisprudence on the Second Amend-ment, primarily decisions of the Supreme Court and federal courts. The primary issue analyzed was the nature of the right granted by the Second Amendment and the process of its incorporation at the state level. Chapter four presents contemporary regulations re-lating to the right of access to guns at the federal and state levels to show the complexity of regulations and their variation. The fifth chapter presents the latest trends and changes in public opinion regarding the right of access to guns. It discusses American gun culture, the phenomenon of mass shootings and their im-pact on legislative action. Chapter six presents the right to keep and bear arms in a broader international context and attempts to place this right in the human rights grid.
Threats of Force and International Law: Practice, Responses and Consequences
(Routledge, 2023) Kleczkowska, Agata
Threats of force are an inherent part of communication between some States. One prominent example is the 2017–2018 crisis in relations between the United States and North Korea, marked by multiple threats issued by both sides. Yet, despite the fact that States seem to use threats of force with unlimited freedom, they are prohibited by international law. This book presents threats of force from the perspective of the practice of States. Thus, the book is based on an examination of multiple cases when States reported threats of force. It describes what threats of force are, examines the status of the prohibition of threats of force as a legal norm, presents examples and describes the mechanisms that are available for States in case threats occur, as well as their legal consequences. The book will be an invaluable resource for academics and researchers in the areas of international security law, public international law, law of armed conflict and international relations.
National Courts and the Application of EU Law : Lessons from Poland
(Routledge, 2023) Domańska, Monika; Miąsik, Dawid; Szwarc, Monika
This book presents the case law of Polish courts, namely the Supreme Court, administrative courts and the Constitutional Tribunal, in which the principles of EU law have been successfully applied. It discusses how Polish courts apply principles of consistent interpretation, primacy and direct effect of EU law in their daily adjudicating practice in order to ensure effet utile of EU law, resulting in effective protection of individuals' rights derived from the EU legal order. The book explores the legal nature of these principles and, in particular, the requirement that national rules that are found to be incompatible with legally binding and enforceable EU law should be disapplied by the domestic courts. It explains Polish courts’ reasoning concerning the inseparable relationship between the principle of primacy of EU law and the remedy of disapplication of national law. As the guidelines provided for the national courts by the Court of Justice of the European Union are often quite vague, the work will be important and useful for academics and practitioners from different European jurisdictions to observe the manner in which these principles of EU law are applied in jurisdictions other than their own.
Compliance i inne mechanizmy zapobiegania korupcji
(INP PAN, 2024) Nowak, Celina; Lizak, Robert
Korupcja towarzyszy człowiekowi od dawna, ale, jak z chorobą toczącą społeczeństwo, lepiej jej zapobiegać niż leczyć. Mechanizmem pozwalającym skutecznie zapobiegać korupcji są programy compliance. W kontekście prawnym pojęcie compliance odnosi się do procesu tworzenia, przyjmowania i obowiązywania norm (zasad i procedur) w ramach organizacji, które zapewniają zgodność jej działalności z przepisami prawa. W książce zaprezentowano teoretyczne ujęcie zjawiska compliance jako nowego poziomu regulacyjnego, a także modelowe rozwiązania praktyczne odnoszące się do compliance, oparte na amerykańskim modelu programu compliance. Analizie poddano także dwa inne mechanizmy zapobiegania korupcji, to jest system ochrony osób zgłaszających naruszenia (sygnalistów) oraz rejestry korzyści.